Sonographic and Anatomical Evaluation of the Liver and Portal Vein Reference Values / Evaluación Ecográfica y Anatómica de los Valores de Referencia del Hígado y la Vena Porta

SUMMARY: This paper's aim is a morphometric evaluation of liver and portal vein morphometry using ultrasonography in healthy Turkish population. This study was carried out with 189 subjects (107 females, 82 males). The demographic data and the body surface area were calculated. The longitudinal axis of the liver for two lobes, diagonal axis or liver span, anteroposterior diameter of the liver and portal vein, portal vein transverse diameter, caudate lobe anteroposterior diameter, and portal vein internal diameters as well as longitudinal liver scans in an aortic plane, sagittal plane, transverse plane, and kidney axis were measured. All measurements were analyzed according to age, sex, body mass index, obesity and alcohol consumption. The mean values of the age, height, weight and body mass index were calculated as 44.39 years, 167.05 cm, 74.23 kg, and 27.06kg/m2 in females, respectively. The same values were 44.13 years, 167.70 cm, 75.93 kg and 26.71 kg/m2 in males, respectively. There was significant difference between demographic characteristics, gender, and alcohol consumption in terms of anteroposterior diameter of the liver, portal vein transverse diameter of the right side and liver transverse scan. Also, some measurements including portal vein transverse diameter, liver transverse scan and at kidney axis longitudinal scan of liver showed significant difference between the age groups. There was significant difference in diagonal axis and anteroposterior diameter of liver, portal vein internal diameter, and longitudinal liver scans of the aortic plane parameters between obesity situation. The findings obtained will provide important and useful reference values as it may determine some abnormalities related liver diseases. Also, age, sex, obesity and body mass index values can be effective in the liver and portal vein morphometry related parameters.

El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar una evaluación de la morfometría del hígado y la vena porta mediante ecografía en una población turca sana. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en 189 sujetos (107 mujeres, 82 hombres). Se calcularon los datos demográficos y la superficie corporal. Se midió eleje longitudinal del de dos lóbulos del hígado, el eje diagonal o la extensión del hígado, los diámetros anteroposterior del hígado y de la vena porta, el diámetro transversal de la vena porta, anteroposterior del lóbulo caudado y los diámetros internos de la vena porta, así como las exploraciones longitudinales del hígado en un plano aórtico. Se midieron el plano sagital, el plano transversal y el eje del riñón. Todas las mediciones se analizaron según edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, obesidad y consumo de alcohol. Los valores medios de edad, talla, peso e índice de masa corporal se calcularon como 44,39 años, 167,05 cm, 74,23 kg y 27,06 kg/m2 en las mujeres, respectivamente. Las mismas variable fueron 44,13 años, 167,70 cm, 75,93 kg y 26,71 kg/m2. Hubo diferencias significativas entre las características demográficas, el sexo y el consumo de alcohol en términos de diámetro anteroposterior del hígado, diámetro transversal de la vena porta del lado derecho y exploración transversal del hígado. Además, algunas mediciones, incluido el diámetro transversal de la vena porta, la exploración transversal del hígado y la exploración longitudinal del hígado en el eje del riñón, mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de edad. Hubo diferencias significativas en el eje diagonal y el diámetro anteroposterior del hígado, el diámetro interno de la vena porta y los parámetros de las exploraciones hepáticas longitudinales del plano aórtico entre situaciones de obesidad. Los hallazgos obtenidos proporcionarán valores de referencia importantes y útiles ya que pueden determinar algunas anomalías relacionadas con enfermedades hepáticas. Además, los valores de edad, sexo, obesidad e índice de masa corporal pueden ser eficaces en los parámetros relacionados con la morfometría del hígado y la vena porta.

The modulation of sustainability knowledge and impulsivity traits on the consumption of foods of animal and plant origin in Italy and Turkey.

Given the environmental challenge we face globally, a transition to sustainable diets seems essential. However, the cognitive aspects underlying sustainable food consumption have received little attention to date. The aims of this cross-cultural study were: (1) to explore how impulsivity traits and individuals' knowledge of food environmental impact influence their frequency of consumption of animal- and plant-based foods; (2) to understand the modulation of individual characteristics (i.e. generation, sex, BMI, and sustainability knowledge). An online survey investigating impulsivity traits, sustainability knowledge and ratings of diverse food items was designed and administered to respondents from Italy (N = 992) and Turkey (N = 896). Results showed that Turkish respondents were higher in impulsivity and animal products consumption. Italians, instead, had greater sustainability knowledge and consumed more plant-based foods. Females in both groups reported greater knowledge of sustainability, consistent with previous findings. In terms of generations, the lowest consumption of animal products was reported by Turkish Generation Z and Italian Millennials. In conclusion, this study shed light on the interaction of psychological factors and individual characteristics with the perceived environmental impact of foods. Moreover, the adopted cross-cultural approach allowed to identify several differences in participants' responses ascribable to their different nationalities and gastronomic cultures.

Relationship Between the Initial Position of Palatally Displaced Canines and Treatment Duration / Relación entre la posición incial de caninos desplazados palatalmente y la duración del tratamiento

Abstract This prospective study aimed to assess the positional features of palatally displaced maxillary canines (PDCs), their relationship with both cephalometric and dental cast measurements and treatment duration. Pretreatment panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental casts of 46 patients (23 patients with uni/bilateral PDC and 23 patients with Class I malocclusion) were collected. The mesial inclination of the permanent canine to the midline (α angle), the distance from the cusp tip of the permanent canine to the occlusal line (d distance), and the mesial position of the crown of the displaced canine (sector) were measured on the panoramic radiographs. SNA°, SNB°, ANB°, SN-GoGn°, SN-PP°, and PP-MP° angles and sagittal inclinations of the PDCs' (C-PP°) were measured on cephalometric radiographs. Arch length discrepancies and transversal arch measurements were also performed. The Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare variables that were not normally distributed while ANOVA was used for the normally distributed data. The arch widths were similar between the groups while crowding was significantly greater in the PDC group. A negative correlation was found between the α angle and vertical plane angle (SN-GoGn°). Treatment duration was positively correlated with α angle and d distance but there was no relationship with the sagittal angulation of the PDC to the palatal plane (C-PP°) and the treatment duration. Treatment duration can be expected to be longer with every increase in the angle of the PDC to the midline and distance from the occlusal plane.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio prospectivo fue evaluar las características de los caninos mailares desplazados palatalmente (CDPs), su relación con las radiografías cefalométricas, las medidas en los modelos de yeso y el tiempo de duración del tratamiento. Se recolectaron radiografías panorámicas, laterales cefalométricas y modelos dentales de 46 pacientes (23 pacientes con CDPs uni/bi laterales y 23 pacientes con maloclusión de Clase I). Se midieron la inclinación mesial de los caninos permanentes con respecto a la línea media (ángulo α), la distancia de la punta de la cúspide del canino permanente a la línea oclusal (distancia d) y la posición mesial de la corona del canino desplazado (sector) en la radiografía panorámica. En las radiografías cefalométricas se midieron los ángulos SNA°, SNB°, ANB°, SN-GoGn°, SN-PP° y PP-MP° y las inclinaciones sagitales de los CDPs (C-PP°). También se realizaron las medidas de las discrepancias de la longitud de arco y las medidas de arco transversal. La prueba de t de student, prueba Mann-Whitney U y la prueba Kruskal-Wallis se usaron para comparar las variables que no se comportaron con una distribución normal, mientras que se utilizó la ANOVA para los datos de distribución normal. El ancho de los arcos fue similar entre grupos mientras el apiñamiento fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de CDPs. Se encontró una correlación negativa entre el ángulo α y el ángulo del plano vertical (SN-GoGn°). La duración del tratamiento fue positivamente correlacionado con el ángulo α y la distancia d peron o se encontró relación entre la angulación sagital del CDP con el plano palatal (C-PP°) y la duración del tratamiento. Se puede esperar que la duración del tratamiento sea mayor con el aumento del ángulo entre el CDP a la línea media y la distancia desde el plano oclusal.

Evaluation of the effects of vitamins C and E on experimental orthodontic tooth movement.

Background. This experimental study aimed to assess the effects of Vitamins C and E on orthodontic tooth movement. Methods. Fifty-one male Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: five appliance groups and one control group. The appliance groups had an orthodontic appliance consisting of a closed-coil spring ligated between the maxillary incisor and maxillary first molar (50 g). Vitamin E and C (150 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally per day in the first and second groups, respectively. Vitamins E and C (20 µL) were locally injected into the periodontal gap of the moving teeth in the third and fourth groups, respectively, once every three days. No vitamin was injected in the last (fifth) appliance group.The experimental period was 18 days. Histological and biochemical (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and NTx levels) evaluations of the samples were performed, and maxillary incisor‒molar distance was measured before and after the experiment. Results. The amount of tooth movement was similar in the appliance groups. All the vitamin groups showed significantly increased osteoblastic activity, while those treated with systemic vitamins exhibited significantly increased numbers of collagen fibers on the tension side compared to the appliance control group (P<0.05). Conclusion. Vitamin C and E supplements positively affected bone formation on the tension side of the teeth during experimental orthodontic tooth movement.